Raw water first passes through the pretreatment unit to remove suspended solids, residual chlorine, and some organic matter, then enters the Reverse Osmosis (RO) unit. The RO membrane is a polyamide composite membrane that, under an operating pressure of 1.0–1.8 MPa, removes more than 97% of dissolved salts, colloids, and microorganisms. The conductivity of the RO permeate is typically reduced to below 50 μS/cm.
Depending on water quality requirements, the RO permeate enters a Mixed Bed (MB) or Electrodeionization (EDI) system. The mixed bed process uses cation and anion exchange resins to produce water with resistivity up to 18 MΩ·cm. The EDI process utilizes ion exchange membranes and continuous electrical regeneration to produce water with resistivity consistently above 17 MΩ·cm without chemical regeneration agents.